Revenue Premium as an Outcome Measure of Brand Equity

Kusum L. Ailawadi,

1. Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College

Associate Professor of Business Administration1Donald R. Lehmann,

2. Graduate School of Business, Columbia University

George E. Warren Professor of Business2Scott A. Neslin

3. Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College

Albert Wesley Frey Professor of Marketing3



Abstract

The authors propose that the revenue premium a brand generates compared with that of a private label product is a simple, objective, and managerially useful product-market measure of brand equity. The authors provide the conceptual basis for the measure, compute it for brands in several packaged goods categories, and test its validity. The empirical analysis shows that the measure is reliable and reflects real changes in brand health over time. It correlates well with other equity measures, and the measure’s association with a brand’s advertising and promotion activity, price sensitivity, and perceived category risk is consistent with theory.

Cited by

. You Get What You Pay For: The Effect of Top Executives' Compensation on Advertising and R&D Spending Decisions and Stock Market Return. Journal of Marketing 0:ja, 1-51
Citation | PDF (202 KB) | PDF Plus (203 KB) 
, . (2012) Competing on service and branding in the renewable electricity sector. Energy Policy
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2012.
CrossRef
, , . (2012) Seeing the forest despite the trees: Brand effects on choice uncertainty. International Journal of Research in Marketing
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2012.
CrossRef
, . (2012) The moderating roles of shopper experience and store type on the relationship between perceived merchandise value and willingness to pay a higher price. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2012.
CrossRef
, . (2012) Adolescent Evaluations of Brand Extensions: The Influence of Reference Group. Psychology and Marketing 29:2, 98-106
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2012.
CrossRef
. The Impact of Brand Equity on Customer Acquisition, Retention, and Profit Margin. Journal of Marketing 0:ja, 1-57
Citation | PDF (358 KB) | PDF Plus (359 KB) 
, , , . (2012) Generating Global Brand Equity through Corporate Social Responsibility to Key Stakeholders. International Journal of Research in Marketing
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012.
CrossRef
, . (2011) The dynamics of brand equity: a hedonic regression approach to the laser printer market. Journal of the Operational Research Society
Online publication date: 21-Dec-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) Customer satisfaction and brand equity. Journal of Business Research 64:10, 1089-1096
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) Sales margin and margin capitalization rates: linking marketing activities to shareholder value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 39:5, 647-663
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2011.
CrossRef
. (2011) Non-linear growth: The road ahead for Indian IT outsourcing companies. IIMB Management Review 23:3, 151-162
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) Brand stability as a signaling phenomenon — An empirical investigation in industrial markets. Industrial Marketing Management
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) Brand value in horizontal alliances: the case of twin-cars. Journal of the Operational Research Society 62:8, 1533-1542
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011.
CrossRef
, , . (2011) Examining the role of advertising and sales promotions in brand equity creation. Journal of Business Research
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011.
CrossRef
. (2011) To JM on Its 75th Anniversary. Journal of Marketing 75:4, 129-131
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2011.
Abstract | PDF (112 KB) | PDF Plus (120 KB) 
. (2011) Non-linear growth: The road ahead for Indian IT outsourcing companies. IIMB Management Review 23:2, 91-101
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2011.
CrossRef
, , , . (2011) A behavioral-economic analysis of the essential value of brands. Behavioural Processes 87:1, 106-114
Online publication date: 1-May-2011.
CrossRef
, , . (2011) Perceived credibility of Internet encyclopedias. Computers & Education 56:3, 659-667
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. Journal of Business Research
Online publication date: 12-Mar-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) What drives financial performance–resource efficiency or resource slack?. Journal of Operations Management 29:3, 254-273
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2011.
CrossRef
, , , . (2011) Differences in consumer preferences when facing branded versus non-branded choices. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 10:2, 61-70
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) Towards an integrative framework of brand country of origin recognition determinants: A cross-classified hierarchical model. International Marketing Review 28:6, 530-558
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2011.
CrossRef
, . (2011) Wringing more value from advertising dollars: the customer satisfaction boost. Journal of Business Strategy 32:6, 24-29
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2011.
CrossRef
. (2010) Dilution and Enhancement of Celebrity Brands Through Sequential Movie Releases. Journal of Marketing Research 47:6, 1114-1128
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2010.
Abstract | PDF (475 KB) | PDF Plus (489 KB) 
, . (2010) Exploring the impact of advertising and R&D expenditures on corporate brand value and firm-level financial performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 38:6, 677-690
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2010.
CrossRef
. (2010) The Long-Term Effect of Marketing Strategy on Brand Sales. Journal of Marketing Research 47:5, 866-882
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2010.
Abstract | PDF (336 KB) | PDF Plus (377 KB) 
, , . (2010) A comparison of revenue growth at recent-IPO and established firms: The influence of SG&A, R&D and COGS. Journal of Business Venturing
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2010.
CrossRef
. (2010) The Persistence of Brand Value at Country, Industry, and Firm Levels. Journal of Global Marketing 23:3, 253-269
Online publication date: 2-Jul-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) Role of customer orientation in an integrative model of brand loyalty in services. The Service Industries Journal 30:7, 1025-1046
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) The Implications of Third-Party Customer Complaining for Advertising Efforts. Journal of Advertising 39:2, 21-34
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) Effectiveness of online advertising channels: a price-level-dependent analysis. Journal of Marketing Management 26:3-4, 343-360
Online publication date: 5-May-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) The impact of customer experience on brand equity in a business-to-business services setting. Journal of Brand Management 17:6, 446-458
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) Measuring brand equity in the car market: a hedonic price analysis. Journal of the Operational Research Society 61:2, 284-293
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2010.
CrossRef
. (2010) The Direct and Indirect Effects of Advertising Spending on Firm Value. Journal of Marketing 74:1, 20-33
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.
Abstract | PDF (1819 KB) | PDF Plus (1599 KB) 
, . (2010) Consumer cynicism: antecedents and consequences. European Journal of Marketing 44:6, 796-837
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) Online advertising effectiveness: a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing 4:3, 176-196
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) Do line extensions influence parent brand equity? An investigation of supermarket packaged goods. Journal of Product & Brand Management 19:1, 18-26
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.
CrossRef
. (2010) Corporate social performance and financial-based brand equity. Journal of Product & Brand Management 19:5, 335-345
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.
CrossRef
, . (2010) New or recycled products: how much are consumers willing to pay?. Journal of Consumer Marketing 27:5, 458-468
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010.
CrossRef
. (2009) A Conjoint Approach for Consumer- and Firm-Level Brand Valuation. Journal of Marketing Research 46:6, 846-862
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009.
Abstract | PDF (407 KB) | PDF Plus (415 KB) 
, , , . (2009) Examining the customer equity framework from a consumer perspective. Journal of Brand Management 17:3, 165-180
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009.
CrossRef
. (2009) Consumer-Based Brand Equity and Firm Risk. Journal of Marketing 73:6, 47-60
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009.
Abstract | PDF (137 KB) | PDF Plus (157 KB) 
. (2009) Evaluating the Financial Impact of Branding Using Trademarks: A Framework and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Marketing 73:6, 154-166
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009.
Abstract | PDF (146 KB) | PDF Plus (156 KB) 
. (2009) Does Advertising Spending Influence Media Coverage of the Advertiser?. Journal of Marketing 73:6, 33-46
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009.
Abstract | PDF (3382 KB) | PDF Plus (3389 KB) 
. (2009) Valuing Branded Businesses. Journal of Marketing 73:6, 137-153
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009.
Abstract | PDF (235 KB) | PDF Plus (181 KB) 
, . (2009) Assessing long-term brand potential. Journal of Brand Management 17:1, 6-17
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009.
CrossRef
, . (2009) Brand positivity and competitive effects on the evaluation of brand extensions. International Journal of Research in Marketing 26:3, 228-237
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009.
CrossRef
, , . (2009) The evolving brand logic: a service-dominant logic perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 37:3, 328-344
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009.
CrossRef
, , , . (2009) Customer-Based Brand Equity for Global Brands: A Multinational Approach. Journal of Euromarketing 18:2, 115-132
Online publication date: 24-Jun-2009.
CrossRef
. (2009) Brand Portfolio Strategy and Firm Performance. Journal of Marketing 73:1, 59-74
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009.
Abstract | PDF (116 KB) | PDF Plus (131 KB) 
, . (2009) Chasing brand value: Fully leveraging brand equity to maximise brand value. Journal of Brand Management 16:4, 248-263
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009.
CrossRef
, . (2009) Brand-name effects, segment differences, and product characteristics: an integrated model of the car market. Journal of Product & Brand Management 18:2, 143-151
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009.
CrossRef
. (2008) The Structure of Survey-Based Brand Metrics. Journal of International Marketing 16:4, 29-56
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.
Abstract | PDF (107 KB) | PDF Plus (130 KB) 
, . (2008) The relevance and irrelevance of the brand for small and medium wine enterprises. Small Enterprise Research 16:2, 32-44
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.
CrossRef
, , . (2008) An empirical evaluation of a customer-based brand equity model and its managerial implications. Frontiers of Business Research in China 2:4, 553-570
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.
CrossRef
. (2008) Financial Value of Brands in Mergers and Acquisitions: Is Value in the Eye of the Beholder?. Journal of Marketing 72:6, 49-64
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008.
Abstract | PDF (205 KB) | PDF Plus (223 KB) 
, . (2008) The Impact of Brand Delisting on Store Switching and Brand Switching Intentions. Journal of Retailing 84:3, 281-296
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2008.
CrossRef
, , . (2008) Creating a clearly differentiated SME brand profile: The case of Montana A/S. Journal of Brand Management 16:1-2, 92-104
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
CrossRef
, , , . (2008) Marketing Metrics Use in a Transition Economy: The Case of Vietnam. Journal of Global Marketing 21:3, 179-190
Online publication date: 23-Jul-2008.
CrossRef
. (2008) The Impact of Brand Equity and Innovation on the Long-Term Effectiveness of Promotions. Journal of Marketing Research 45:3, 293-306
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2008.
Abstract | PDF (287 KB) | PDF Plus (350 KB) 
, , , , , . (2008) Consumer-based brand equity and brand performance. The Service Industries Journal 28:4, 445-461
Online publication date: 1-May-2008.
CrossRef
, . (2008) The Financial Value Impact of Perceptual Brand Attributes. Journal of Marketing Research 45:1, 15-32
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.
Abstract | PDF (256 KB) | PDF Plus (314 KB) 
. (2008) Building brand identity in competitive markets: a conceptual model. Journal of Product & Brand Management 17:1, 4-12
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.
CrossRef
, . (2008) Shelf management of store brands: analysis of manufacturers' perceptions. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 36:1, 50-70
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.
CrossRef
, , , , . (2008) Facets of brand equity and brand survival: a longitudinal examination. International Journal of Wine Business Research 20:3, 202-214
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.
CrossRef
, . (2008) Manufacturer's characteristics that determine the choice of producing store brands. European Journal of Marketing 42:1/2, 154-177
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.
CrossRef
, , . (2008) A cross-national validation of the consumer-based brand equity scale. Journal of Product & Brand Management 17:6, 384-392
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008.
CrossRef
, , . (2007) The Implications of Business-to-Business and Consumer Market Differences for B2B Branding Strategy. Journal of business market management 1:3, 209-230
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2007.
CrossRef
, . (2007) The theoretical separation of brand equity and brand value: Managerial implications for strategic planning. Journal of Brand Management 14:5, 380-395
Online publication date: 1-May-2007.
CrossRef
, , . (2007) Advertising, Research and Development, and Systematic Risk of the Firm. Journal of Marketing 71:1, 35-48
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
Abstract | References | PDF (165 KB) | PDF Plus (192 KB) 
, , . (2007) Understanding (customer-based) brand equity in financial services. Journal of Services Marketing 21:4, 241-252
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
CrossRef
, . (2007) Consequences of Web-based service quality: Uncovering a multi-faceted chain of effects. Journal of Interactive Marketing 21:3, 35-54
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
CrossRef
, . 2007. Branding and labelling of food products. , 153-180.
CrossRef
, , . (2007) Understanding price premium for grocery products: a conceptual model of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Product & Brand Management 16:6, 401-414
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007.
CrossRef
, . (2006) Brand personality: Exploring the potential to move from factor analytical to circumplex models. Psychology and Marketing 23:8, 639-663
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2006.
CrossRef
, , . (2006) Individual determinants of brand affect: the role of the personality traits of extraversion and openness to experience. Journal of Product & Brand Management 15:7, 427-434
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006.
CrossRef
, . (2006) An exploration of the meanings of hotel brand equity. The Service Industries Journal 26:1, 15-38
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006.
CrossRef
, . (2006) Private label brand image: its relationship with store image and national brand. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 34:1, 67-84
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006.
CrossRef
, , . (2005) An Approach to the Measurement, Analysis, and Prediction of Brand Equity and Its Sources. Management Science 51:9, 1433-1448
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2005.
CrossRef
. (2005) Advertising's Role in Capitalist Markets: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go from Here?. Journal of Advertising Research 45:02, 162
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2005.
CrossRef
, , . (2004) Choosing and upgrading financial services dealers in the US and UK. International Journal of Research in Marketing 21:4, 359-375
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004.
CrossRef
. (2004) The valuation of intangibles for hotel investments. Property Management 22:5, 410-423
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004.
CrossRef
, . (2004) Understanding retail branding: conceptual insights and research priorities. Journal of Retailing 80:4, 331-342
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004.
CrossRef
, . (2004) Using product sampling to augment the perceived quality of store brands. Journal of Retailing 80:4, 305-315
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004.
CrossRef